RXSOL CHEMO PHARMA International Navi Mumbai, India

Products

7,064 products across 81 categories for marine, industrial, water treatment and laboratory use.

Browse all products Product catalogue

Drilling Fluids & Mud Oil Field chemicals

Paraffin Inhibitor RXSOL 3085

Paraffin Inhibitor Rx 3085 controlled release additive that slowly desorbs from the proppant pack to provide immediate and long-term protection against paraffin deposition.
Part number
RXSOL-81-2225-210
Brand
RXSOL
RXSOL

Overview

Paraffin Inhibitor RXSOL 3085 controlled release additive that slowly desorbs from the proppant pack to provide immediate and long-term protection against paraffin deposition.
Paraffin Inhibitor RXSOL 3085  material is a liquid particle onto which a specialty chemical has been adsorbed. The material can be pumped as part of a stimulation treatment to proactively protect downhole and surface equipment from damaging paraffin deposits maximizing hydrocarbon flow and minimizing production nterruptions and remedial treatmentS

Safety and SDS

Read the safety data sheet before handling. Wear suitable gloves and eye protection.

View safety data sheet
Product Name : Paraffin Inhibitor RXSOL 3085
Part Number : RXSOL-81-2225-210

Company Details:
RX MARINE INTERNATIONAL
105, A wing , BSEL , TECH PARK.

VASHI ,NEW BOMBAY 400703 INDIA

Branch : Kandla, Mumbai , Chennai, Vizag, Kolkata, UAE , OMAN, Kenya, CANADA  

Phone +91 22 27815540 / 41 / 42
Fax +91 22 2761 2100 :::AOH :0091 9821214367
Email rxsolchemicals@gmail.com
Website www.rxmarine.com
Name of Substance                                         Cas Number EC  No Wt.% Symbol
Xylene 1330-20-7 202-422-2 70 -80%  Xi
Ethylbenzene 100-41-4 202-849-4 10-20%  Xn
Acetic acid 64-19-7 100-580-7 5 - 10%  Xn
Alkylarylsulfonic acid                                   68411-32-5   271-117-1 1 -5 %  Xn
Proprietory Blend --- --- 5-10% ---

 

Signal Word                        Danger
Hazard Statements

Flammable liquid and vapor.
Harmful in contact with skin or if inhaled.
Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.
Suspected of causing cancer.
May cause drowsiness or dizziness.
May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure. (hearing organs)

Precautionary statements - prevention

Obtain special instructions before use. Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood. Wear protective gloves. Wear eye or face protection. Wear protective clothing. Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking. Use explosion-proof electrical, ventilating, lighting and all material-handling equipment. Use only non-sparking tools. Take precautionary measures against static discharge. Keep container tightly closed. Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. Do not breathe vapor. Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Precautionary statements - response Get medical attention if you feel unwell. IF exposed or concerned: Get medical attention. IF INHALED: Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing. Immediately call a POISON CENTER or physician. IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or physician. Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. IF ON
SKIN (or hair): Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water or shower. Wash contaminated clothing before reuse. Immediately call a POISON CENTER or physician. IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of soap and water. Call a POISON CENTER or physician if you feel unwell. Take off contaminated clothing and wash it before reuse. IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. Immediately call a POISON CENTER or physician

Storage: Store locked up. Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep cool.
Disposal: Dispose of contents and container in accordance with all local, regional, national and international regulations.

  

Eye Contact Get medical attention immediately. Call a poison center or physician. Immediately flush the eye(s) continuously with lukewarm, gently flowing water for at least 20-60 minutes while holding the eyelid(s) open. Check for and remove any contact lenses. Chemical burns must be treated promptly by a physician
Skin Contact Get medical attention immediately. Call a poison center or physician. Wash affected area with soap and mild detergent for at least 20 - 60 minutes. Wash with plenty of soap and water. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash contaminated clothing thoroughly with water before removing it, or wear gloves. Chemical burns must be treated promptly by a physician. Wash clothing before reuse. Clean shoes thoroughly before reuse.
Inhalation:              Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. If not breathing, if breathing is irregular or if respiratory arrest occurs, provide artificial respiration or oxygen by trained personnel. If unconscious, place in recovery position and get medical attention immediately. Maintain an open airway.
Ingestion: Call a poison center or physician. Wash out mouth with water. If material has been swallowed and the exposed person is conscious, give small quantities of water to drink. Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. If vomiting occurs, the head should be kept low so that vomit does not enter the lungs. Chemical burns must be treated promptly by a physician. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. If unconscious, place in recovery position and get medical attention immediately. Maintain an open airway
Note to Physician Treat symptomatically. Contact poison treatment specialist immediately if large quantities have been ingested or inhaled.
Protection of first-aiders No action shall be taken involving any personal risk or without suitable training. If it is suspected that fumes are still present, the rescuer should wear an appropriate mask or self-contained breathing apparatus. It may be dangerous to the person providing aid to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Wash contaminated clothing thoroughly with water before removing it, or wear gloves.

Suitable extinguishing media Use dry chemical, CO₂, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray (fog). 
Unsuitable extinguishing media Do not use water jet
Protective  Equipment                       Wear suitable fire fightin suit.
Specific hazards arising
from the chemical
Flammable liquid and vapor. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. In a fire or if heated, a pressure increase will occur and the container may burst, with the risk of a subsequent explosion
Hazardous thermal
decomposition products
Carbon dioxide,carbon monoxide,sulfur oxides
 
Special protective actions
for fire-fighters
Promptly isolate the scene by removing all persons from the vicinity of the incident if there is a fire. No action shall be taken involving any personal risk or without suitable training. Move containers from fire area if this can be done without risk. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.
Special protective
equipment for fire-fighters
Fire-fighters should wear appropriate protective equipment and self-contained breathingapparatus (SCBA) with a full face-piece operated in positive pressure mode.

 

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures

For non-emergency : personnelNo action shall be taken involving any personal risk or without suitable training. Evacuate surrounding areas. Keep unnecessary and unprotected personnel from entering. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Shut off all ignition sources. No flares, smoking or flames in hazard area. Do not breathe vapor or mist. Provide adequate ventilation. Wear appropriate respirator when ventilation is inadequate. Put on appropriate personal protective equipment.
For emergency responders : If specialized clothing is required to deal with the spillage, take note of any information in section 8 on suitable and unsuitable materials. See also the information in "For nonemergency personnel".

Enviromental  Precaution  Avoid dispersal of spilled material and runoff and contact with soil, waterways, drains and sewers. Inform the relevant authorities if the product has caused environmental pollution (sewers, waterways, soil or air).
Methods and materials for
containment and cleaning up

Small Spill :: Stop leak if without risk. Move containers from spill area. Use spark-proof tools and explosion-proof equipment. Dilute with water and mop up if water-soluble. Alternatively, or if water-insoluble, absorb with an inert dry material and place in an appropriate waste disposal container. Dispose of via a licensed waste disposal contractor.

Large Spill  : Stop leak if without risk. Move containers from spill area. Use spark-proof tools and explosion-proof equipment. Approach release from upwind. Prevent entry into sewers,water courses, basements or confined areas. Wash spillages into an effluent treatmentplant or proceed as follows. Contain and collect spillage with non-combustible,absorbent material e.g. sand, earth, vermiculite or diatomaceous earth and place in container for disposal according to local regulations (see Section 13). Dispose of via a licensed waste disposal contractor. Contaminated absorbent material may pose the same hazard as the spilled product. Note: see Section 1 for emergency contact information and Section 13 for waste disposal.

Advice on safe handling Put on appropriate personal protective equipment (see Section 8). Avoid exposure - obtain special instructions before use. Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood. Do not get in eyes or on skin or clothing. Do not breathe vapor or mist. Do not ingest. Use only with adequate ventilation. Wear appropriate respirator when ventilation is inadequate. Do not enter storage areas and confined spaces unless adequately ventilated. Keep in the original container or an approved alternative made from a compatible material, kept tightly closed when not in use. Store and use away from heat, sparks, open flame or any other ignition source. Use explosion-proof electrical (ventilating, lighting and material handling) equipment. Use only non-sparking tools. Take precautionary measures against electrostatic discharges. Empty containers retain product residue and can be hazardous. Do not reuse container.
Storage Eating, drinking and smoking should be prohibited in areas where this material is handled, stored and processed. Workers should wash hands and face before eating, drinking and smoking. Remove contaminated clothing and protective equipment before entering eating areas. See also Section 8 for additional information on hygiene measures.
Conditions for safe storage including any incompatibilities Store in accordance with local regulations. Store in a segregated and approved area. Store in original container protected from direct sunlight in a dry, cool and well-ventilated area, away from incompatible materials (see Section 10) and food and drink. Store locked up. Eliminate all ignition sources. Separate from oxidizing materials. Keep container tightly closed and sealed until ready for use. Containers that have been opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Do not store in unlabeled containers. Use appropriate containment to avoid environmental contamination. See Section 10 for incompatible materials before handling or use
Occupational exposure limits
Ingredient Name Exposure Limits
Xylene

ACGIH TLV (United States, 3/2018).
 STEL: 651 mg/m³, 0 times per shift, 15 minutes.
 STEL: 150 ppm, 0 times per shift, 15 minutes.
 TWA: 434 mg/m³, 0 times per shift, 8 hours.
 TWA: 100 ppm, 0 times per shift, 8 hours.
OSHA PEL (United States, 5/2018).
 TWA: 435 mg/m³, 0 times per shift, 8 hours.
 TWA: 100 ppm, 0 times per shift, 8 hours.
OSHA PEL 1989 (United States, 3/1989).
 STEL: 655 mg/m³, 0 times per shift, 15 minutes.
 STEL: 150 ppm, 0 times per shift, 15 minutes.
 TWA: 435 mg/m³, 0 times per shift, 8 hours.
 TWA: 100 ppm, 0 times per shift, 8 hours.

Ethylbenzene ACGIH TLV (United States, 3/2018).
 TWA: 20 ppm, 0 times per shift, 8 hours.
NIOSH REL (United States, 10/2016).
 STEL: 545 mg/m³, 0 times per shift, 15 minutes.
 STEL: 125 ppm, 0 times per shift, 15 minutes.
 TWA: 435 mg/m³, 0 times per shift, 10 hours.
 TWA: 100 ppm, 0 times per shift, 10 hours.
OSHA PEL (United States, 5/2018).
 TWA: 435 mg/m³, 0 times per shift, 8 hours.
 TWA: 100 ppm, 0 times per shift, 8 hours.
OSHA PEL 1989 (United States, 3/1989).
 STEL: 545 mg/m³, 0 times per shift, 15 minutes.
 STEL: 125 ppm, 0 times per shift, 15 minutes.
 TWA: 435 mg/m³, 0 times per shift, 8 hours.
 TWA: 100 ppm, 0 times per shift, 8 hours.
Acetic Acid ACGIH TLV (United States, 3/2018).
 STEL: 37 mg/m³, 0 times per shift, 15 minutes.
 STEL: 15 ppm, 0 times per shift, 15 minutes.
 TWA: 25 mg/m³, 0 times per shift, 8 hours.
 TWA: 10 ppm, 0 times per shift, 8 hours.
NIOSH REL (United States, 10/2016).
 STEL: 37 mg/m³, 0 times per shift, 15 minutes.
 STEL: 15 ppm, 0 times per shift, 15 minutes.
 TWA: 25 mg/m³, 0 times per shift, 10 hours.
 TWA: 10 ppm, 0 times per shift, 10 hours.
OSHA PEL (United States, 5/2018).
 TWA: 25 mg/m³, 0 times per shift, 8 hours.
 TWA: 10 ppm, 0 times per shift, 8 hours.
OSHA PEL 1989 (United States, 3/1989).
 TWA: 25 mg/m³, 0 times per shift, 8 hours
Alkylarylsulfonic acid TWA: 10 ppm, 0 times per shift, 8 hours.
 None.

Consult local authorities for acceptable exposure limits.

If OSHA permissible exposure levels are shown above they are the OSHA 1989 levels or are from subsequent OSHA regulatory actions.

Engineering Controls

Use only with adequate ventilation. Use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to keep worker exposure to airborne contaminants below any recommended or statutory limits. The engineering controls also need to keep gas, vapor or dust concentrations below any lower explosive limits. Use explosion-proof ventilation equipment.

Personal   Protection Eye protection : Wear chemical safety goggles. When transferring material wear face-shield in addition to chemical safety goggles. If inhalation hazards exist, a full-face respirator may be required instead.
Hand protection : Chemical-resistant glove
Skin protection : Wear long sleeves and chemical resistant apron to prevent repeated or prolonged skin
contact.
Respiratory protection : If a risk assessment indicates it is necessary, use a properly fitted, air purifying or supplied air respirator complying with an approved standard. Respirator selection must be based on known or anticipated exposure levels, the hazards of the product and the safe working limits of the selected respirator.
Hygiene measures Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Remove and wash contaminated clothing before re-use. Wash face, hands and any exposed skin thoroughly after handling. Provide suitable facilities for quick drenching or flushing of the eyes and body in case of contact or splash hazard.

                                       

 Gloves                   Suit            

              

  



 

Physical State         Liquid
Colour Pale yellow
Odour Aromatic.
Odor threshold Not Available
pH                                                         

 2 - 4
5% of product in 75% isopropanol / 25% water solution

Boiling Point Not Available
Initial Boiling Point Not Available
Freezing Point/ Melting Point Not Available
Flash Point  Closed cup: 28.89°C (84°F)
Burning Time Not Applicable
Burning Rate Not Applicable
Evaporation rate Not Applicble
Flammability (solid, gas) Highly flammable in the presence of the following materials or conditions: open flames, sparks and static discharge and heat.
Upper explosion limit No data available
Lower explosion limit No data available
Explosive properties No data available
Vapor pressure 22.1 kPa (165.5 mm Hg, 3.2 psig) @ 54.4°C, 130 F (Reid)
Vapor density No information available
Relative density 0.88
Density 0.886 g/cm3
Water solubility insoluble
Partition coefficient: octanol No data available
Autoignition temperature No data available
Thermal decomposition No data available
Viscosity, kinematic No data available
Explosive properties No data available
Oxidizing properties No data available
Dynamic viscosity No data available
VOC (%)  No data available
Pour point No information available
Recativity                                             No specific test data related to reactivity available for this product or its ingredients.
Stability Stable under normal  conditions and recommended use.
Possibility of hazardous reactions Under normal conditions of storage and use, hazardous reactions will not occur.
Incompatible materials Reactive or incompatible with the following materials: oxidizing materials, organic materials, acids and alkalis.
Hazardous Decomposition

Under normal conditions of storage and use, hazardous decomposition products should not be produced.

Condition to Avoid Avoid all possible sources of ignition (spark or flame). Do not pressurize, cut, weld, braze, solder, drill, grind or expose containers to heat or sources of ignition.
Polymerization Hazardous polymerization does not occur.

Acute toxicity

Product/ingredient name  Result Species Dose Exposure
Xylene

LC50 Inhalation Gas.
LD50 Dermal 
LD50 Oral
LD50 Oral       

Rat 
Rabbit      
Male Rat
Rate                            

5000 ppm 
>1700mg/kg
3523 mg/kg
4300 mg/kg

4 hours
--
--
--
Ethylbenzene LD50 Dermal
LD50 Oral
Rabbit 
Rat
15400 mg/kg
3500 mg/kg
--
--
Acetic Acid LC50 Inhalation Vapor
LD50 Dermal
Rat
Rabbit
11000 mg/m³
1060 mg/kg
4 hours
---
Alkylarylsulfonic acid LD50 Oral
LD50 Oral
Rat
Rat
3310 mg/kg
1260 mg/kg
--
--
Irritation/Corrosion No applicable toxicity data
Sensitization                                

No applicable toxicity data

Mutagenicity

No applicable toxicity data.

Carcinogenicity
Product/ingredient name  OSHA  IARC NTP
Xylene -

3

-
Ethylbenzen - 2b -
Reproductive toxicity
No applicable toxicity data

Teratogenicity

No applicable toxicity data
Specific target organ toxicity (single exposure)

Name 

Category

Route of exposure

Target organs

Xylene  
 

Category 3

Not applicable.

Narcotic effects

Specific target organ toxicity (repeated exposure)

Name 

Category

Route of exposure

Target organs

Ethylbenzene

Category 2

Not determined

Hearing organs

Aspiration hazard
Name Result
Xylene ASPIRATION HAZARD - Category 1
Information on the likely
routes of exposure
Routes of entry anticipated: Dermal, Inhalation.
Potential acute health effects  
Eye contact : Causes serious eye damage.
Inhalation :  Harmful if inhaled. Can cause central nervous system (CNS) depression. May cause drowsiness or dizziness.
Skin contact : Causes severe burns. Harmful in contact with skin.
Ingestion :

Can cause central nervous system (CNS) depression.

Potential chronic health effects  
General : May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure.
Carcinogenicity : Suspected of causing cancer. Risk of cancer depends on duration and level of exposure.
Mutagenicity : No known significant effects or critical hazards.
Teratogenicity : No known significant effects or critical hazards.
Developmental effects : No known significant effects or critical hazards.
Fertility effects : No known significant effects or critical hazards.
Acute toxicity estimates
Route ATE Value
Oral
Dermal
Inhalation (gases)
Inhalation (vapors)
3900.7 mg/kg
1471.1 mg/kg
6686.8 ppm
84.49 mg/l

 

Toxicity                                        
Product/ingredient name Result Species Exposure
Xylene Acute LC50 8500 µg/l Marine water Crustaceans - Palaemonetes
pugio
48 Hours     
Ethylbenzene Acute LC50 13400 µg/l Fresh water 
Acute EC50 4600 µg/l Fresh water
Acute EC50 2930 to 4400 µg/l Fresh
water
Acute LC50 5200 µg/l Marine water
Acute LC50 4200 µg/l Fresh water
Chronic NOEC 1000 µg/l Fresh water
Fish - Pimephales promelas
Algae - Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
Daphnia - Daphnia magna
Crustaceans - Americamysis
bahia
Fish - Oncorhynchus mykiss
Algae - Pseudokirchneriella
subcapitata
96 Hours
72 hours
48 Hours
48 Hours
96 hours
96 hours
Acetic Acid Acute EC50 73400 µg/l Fresh water
Acute EC50 65000 µg/l Fresh water 
Acute LC50 50.1 ul/L Marine water 
Acute LC50 75000 µg/l Fresh water
Algae - Navicula seminulum
Daphnia - Daphnia magna
Crustaceans - Artemia sp.
Fish - Lepomis macrochirus
96 hours
48 hours
48 hours
96 hours
Persistence and degradability

Not available.

Other adverse effects  No known significant effects or critical hazards.
Persistence and degradability  
Results of PBT and vPvB assessment

Not classified as PBT/vPvB by current EU criteria.

 

Remarks Please consider the relevant national or regional provisions. Waste shall be separated into the categories that can be handled separately by the local or national waste management facilities.
Waste Disposal Dispose of surplus and non-recyclable products via a licensed waste disposal contractor. Waste packaging should be recycled. Incineration or landfill should only be considered when recycling is not feasible. This material and its container must be disposed of in a safe way. Care should be taken when handling emptied containers that have not been cleaned or rinsed out. Vapor from product residues may create a highly flammable or explosive atmosphere inside the container. Do not cut, weld or grind used containers unless they have been cleaned thoroughly internally. Avoid dispersal of spilled material and runoff and contact with soil, waterways, drains and sewers.

Transport hazard class(es)              
  DOT  TDG Classification IMDG IATA
UN        Number UN2924 UN2924 UN2924 UN2924
Proper shipping name FLAMMABLE LIQUID,
CORROSIVE, N.O.S.
(Contains: Xylene,
Alkylarylsulfonic acid)
FLAMMABLE LIQUID,
CORROSIVE, N.O.S.
(Contains: Xylene,
Alkylarylsulfonic acid)
FLAMMABLE LIQUID,
CORROSIVE, N.O.S.
(Contains: Xylene,
Alkylarylsulfonic acid)
FLAMMABLE LIQUID,
CORROSIVE, N.O.S.
(Contains: Xylene,
Alkylarylsulfonic acid)
Transport
hazard class(es)
3 (8) 3 (8) 3 (8) 3 (8)
Packing Group III III III III
Environmental
hazards
NO NO NO NO
Additional information
ADR/RID                       Reportable quantity 133.69 lbs / 60.695 kg [18.22 gal / 68.972 L]. Package sizes shipped in quantities less than the product reportable quantity are not subject to the RQ (reportable quantity) transportation requirements.
TDG Classification Product classified as per the following sections of the Transportation of Dangerous
Goods Regulations: 2.18-2.19 (Class 3), 2.40-2.42 (Class 8).
IATA  The environmentally hazardous substance mark may appear if required by other transportation regulations.
Special precautions for user Transport within user’s premises: always transport in closed containers that are upright and secure. Ensure that persons transporting the product know what to do in the event of an accident or spillage.
Environmental hazards
Environmental hazards No
Marine pollutant No

 

US Federal Regulations TSCA 12(b) one-time export: No products were found.
TSCA 12(b) annual export notification: No products were found.
United States inventory (TSCA 8b): All components are listed or exempted.
Clean Water Act (CWA) 307: Ethylbenzene; Toluene; Benzene
Clean Water Act (CWA) 311: Ethylbenzene; Xylene; Toluene; Benzene; Acetic acid;
Sulfuric acid
CANADIAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT (CEPA) :
 
This product contains substance(s) which are not listed on the Domestic Substances List (DSL) or the Non-Domestic
Substances List (NDSL).
NATIONAL REGULATIONS, CANADA : WORKPLACE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INFORMATION SYSTEM (WHMIS) :
This product has been classified in accordance with the hazard criteria of the Controlled Products Regulations (CPR)
and the MSDS contains all the information required by the CPR.
WHMIS CLASSIFICATION :
B2 - Flammable Liquids, D2A - Materials Causing Other Toxic Effects - Very Toxic Material, D2B - Materials Causing
Other Toxic Effects - Toxic Material
California Prop. 65
 
WARNING: This product can expose you to benzene, which is known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm. This product can expose you to chemicals including Sulfuric acid, ethylbenzene, cumene, which are known to the State of California to cause cancer, and Toluene, which is known to the State of California to cause birth defects or other reproductive harm.
Other Information  

The information above is believed to be accurate and represents the  best information   currently    available  to us.  However,   we   make no warranty of merchantability or any other warranty, express or implied, with respect to such information, and  we assume  no liability resulting from its use. Users should make  their  own  investigations  to determine the suitability of the information for their particular purposes. In no event shall be liable for any claims, losses, or damages of any third party or for lost profits or any special, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary damages, howsoever arising, even if Rx Marine International  has been advised of the possibility of such damages.

DISCLAIMER OF LIABILITY :The information in this SDS was obtained from sources which we believe are reliable. However, the information is provided without any warranty, express or implied, regarding its correctness. The conditions or methods of handling, storage, use or disposal of the product are beyond our control and may be beyond our knowledge. For this and other reasons, we do not assume responsibility and expressly disclaim liability for loss, damage or expense arising out of or in any way connected with the handling, storage, use or disposal of the product. This MSDS was prepared and is to be used only for this product. If the product is used as a component in another product, this MSDS information may not be applicable.

Request the signed SDS as PDF

Availability

Ready Stock of Paraffin Wax Inhibitor in Mumbai, Kandla, Kolkata, Vishakhapatnam, Chennai, India Asia, Fujairah, UAE Middle East Gulf, Muscat Oman, Nairobi, Kenya Uganda Africa, Canada

Our stock points and branches